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NEW QUESTION 222
Economies in which a high percentage of resources are invested in research and development show greater growth in the long run than do those in which resources are channeled into consumption.
Japanese workers spend a higher percentage of their income investing in research and development than do American workers.
To grow as fast as Japan has in the past three decades, the United States must change the tax code in order to encourage savings and investment and discourage debt.
Which of the following, if true, tends to weaken the argument?
- A. Japanese research is more focused on consumers than is research by American firms.
- B. Class mobility, highly valued in American culture, is encouraged by a growing rather than a stagnant economy.
- C. Proposed changes to the tax code could involve strict limits on the deductibility of interest, and increased allowance for research.
- D. Because a decreasing percentage of the United States is under 40, an age when savings are traditionally low, the savings rate will increase without changes to the tax code.
- E. Studies have shown that countries with high consumption rates prosper in the short run.
Answer: D
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NEW QUESTION 223 
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
- A. Option B
- B. Option A
- C. Option C
- D. Option D
- E. Option E
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION 224
Considerable debate exists in the self-perception literature over the impact of positively biased self- perceptions on social and psychological functioning. Positively based self-perceptions are those in which an individual has a more positive opinion of himself than objective indicators warrant. One view suggests that positive perceptual biases are characteristic of normal human thought across a variety of domains and correlate positively with good mental and psychological health. Certain researchers and clinicians have even proposed that by boosting self-concepts, symptoms of depression and levels of aggression may be reduced.
Investigators on the other side of the debate maintain that when most positive self-perceptions are compared to an objective criterion, they appear neither positively biased nor adaptive. In fact, Baumeister, Smart, and Boden suggest that positively biased self-concepts may have a 'dark side'. They proposed that it is persons with very positive self-views who are prone to be aggressive. As a result, building up individuals' self-perceptions may serve only to increase levels of aggression rather than curb them.
According to Baumeister et al., not all individuals with positive self-perceptions are going to be interpersonally aggressive. Rather, individuals who are extremely positive in their perceptions of themselves and their functioning are proposed to be the most likely to become angry and potentially violent. The mechanism that triggers aggressive behavior by these individuals has been suggested to be negative social feedback that challenges their positive self-views. Such threats to positive self-esteem give rise to anger and hostility.
If negative social information is encountered that challenges established positive self-perceptions, Baumeister et al. propose that individuals must choose to either accept the feedback and lower their self- perceptions or reject the feedback to maintain their positive self-views. The chosen reaction then influences their subsequent affective states and behavioral expressions. By accepting the external appraisals and adjusting self-perceptions downward, dysphoric feelings and social withdrawal may result.
Conversely, the rejection of the validity of the unfavorable feedback results in feelings of anger and resentment toward the source of the threat. Dodge and colleagues demonstrated that children who interpret social cues as threatening direct their anger and aggression at the peers who gave the negative evaluations. Anger stemming from the receipt of social criticism is a way to deny the legitimacy of the negative information. By directing hostile reactions toward the source of the negative feedback, the influx of disconfirming information may end. Unless individuals react against the self-esteem threat, they may be compelled to revise their self-concepts negatively, in line with the information provided. By discounting the negative social feedback, individuals can protect themselves from dysphoric feelings and maintain their positively biased self-perceptions, but they may be setting themselves up to become interpersonally aggressive.
Although positively biased self-perceptions may place individuals at risk for negative social feedback and subsequent increases in aggressive behavior, not all positive self-concepts are suggested to be harmful.
The relationship between positive self-perceptions and aggression may depend on the degree of perceptual distortion (i.e., moderate vs. extreme distortion). Baumeister (1989) and Baumeister et al.
(1996) proposed that an optimal range of moderate bias might exist within which mental health is encouraged. Maladjustment in psychological and social functioning is suggested to occur when the degree of bias of self-perceptions shifts from moderate to extreme levels. Extremely negative and positive perceptual bias would be related to different but equally harmful difficulties.
According to the passage, which of the following is mentioned as a factor in determining whether an individual with positively biased self-perception would actually be likely to perform an act of violence?
- A. The gender of the individual
- B. The individual's ability to ignore dysphoric feelings
- C. The anger level of the individual's peers
- D. The gap between what the individual thinks about himself and how good he really is
- E. The validity of the unfavorable feedback
Answer: D
Explanation:
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Explanation:
The best answer is A.
It is the distortion between how the person really is and how he perceives himself that is the most important factor, as opposed to the level of self-perception itself.
NEW QUESTION 225
The ensuing argument among the pundKs rs no likelier to end in a declared winnef than a long debate about Karl Marx's political philosophy against Ayn Rand's would be.
- A. a long debate pitting Karl Marx's political philosophy against Ayn Rand's would be
- B. a long debate about Karl Marx's political philosophy against Ayn Rand's would be
- C. would a long debate, pitting Karl Marx and Ayn Rand's political philosophy against one another
- D. that of a long debate about the political philosophy of Karl Marx against Ayn Rand's
- E. in a long debate about Karl Marx's political philosophy against Ayn Rand's
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION 226
Members of many primate species approach an opponent shortly after conflict and initiate behaviors such as embracing, grooming, or huddling-a phenomenon researchers call postconflict reconciliation. Existing research, however, suffers from several shortcomings. The variability between groups of the same species is rarely addressed; the majority of studies investigate only a small fraction of the pairings that exist in a given group; and almost all reports are restricted to animals in captivity.
In an attempt to address some of these shortcomings, Sommer et al. recently conducted a study of postconflict reconciliation in wild Hanuman langurs, a species of colobine monkey. They observed rates of postconflict reconciliation much lower than would be expected based on previous research, and found that over 80 percent of all pairings exhibited no postconflict affinity whatsoever. The rarity of friendly postconflict reunion in wild langurs draws attention to the possibility that conflicts are modulated through avoidance. The option of temporarily avoiding contact with opponents is not easily available to captive primates, and certainly not to the extent present in the wild. Still, studies of postconflict behavior of primates in captivity remain valuable:
above all, they demonstrate the flexibility of nonhuman primates in various environments. It is likely, however, that the reported frequency of reconciliation among primates is artificially inflated by the conditions of captivity.
The passage suggests that one reason that the "conditions of captivity" (see bolded text) were significant was that
- A. researchers were unable to observe animals from an unobtrusive distance
- B. climatic conditions seldom matched those of the animals' natural habitat
- C. animals lacked opportunities to interact with members of other species
- D. food and water were readily available to all members of a group
- E. animals were unable to distance themselves from each other physically
Answer: E
NEW QUESTION 227
Y has been believed to cause Z.
A new report, noting that Y and Z are often observed to be preceded by X, suggests that X, not Y, may be the cause of Z.
Which of the following further observations would best support the new report's suggestion?
- A. In cases where X occurs, followed by Y, Y is usually followed by Z.
- B. In cases where Y occurs but Z does not, Y is usually preceded by X.
- C. In cases where X occurs but Y does not, X is usually followed by Z.
- D. In cases where Y occurs but X does not, Y is usually followed by Z.
- E. In cases where Z occurs, it is usually preceded by X and Y.
Answer: C
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NEW QUESTION 228
The photographic technique used to detect celestial objects that are fainter than what is visible to the unaided eve, allowing large areas of the sky to be covered bv a single exposure, achieves a high resolution useful in examining structural details, and provides a permanent record.
- A. fainter than what is visible for the unaided eye allows that large areas of the sky are covered by
- B. that are fainter than those visible for the unaided eye allows for large areas of the sky to be covered with
- C. that are fainter than what is visible to the unaided eye, allowing large areas of the sky to be covered by
- D. fainter than that visible to the unaided eye, allowing large areas of the sky to be covered with
- E. fainter than those visible to the unaided eye allows large areas of the sky to be covered with
Answer: E
NEW QUESTION 229
Parasitic wasps propagate by injecting their eggs into a caterpillar that then becomes paralyzed as the eggs inside develop into wasp larvae. The wasp larvae kill the caterpillar host as they feed on it, form cocoons, and finally develop into wasps. In attempting to discover how such wasps detect the presence of the caterpillar hosts that are so critical to the wasps' propagation, researchers have uncovered an intriguing defense mechanism developed by the plants on which the caterpillars feed.
When chewed on, many plants release volatile compounds from both damaged and undamaged tissues. When these compounds are toxic to the insects that feed on the plants, they can help defend the plants from such attacks. However, the plants on which the wasps' caterpillar hosts feed have evolved an even more complex defense: the caterpillar-infested plants appear to release volatile chemicals that attract parasitic wasps, which then prey on the caterpillars. Scientists originally suspected that the wasps were attracted by an odor, reminiscent of cut grass, that is released as the caterpillar feeds, but a recent study suggests that a different set of volatile attractants is involved. In this study, when researchers used a razor blade to mimic caterpillar damage on the leaves, only grassy odors were emitted, not the volatile compounds that attracted wasps.
However, when oral secretions from the caterpillars were applied to these damaged leaves, the leaves released the wasp attractants several hours later. Further tests revealed that oral secretions placed on the razor-damaged leaves stimulated the release of such attractants, making the plants as attractive to wasps as plants that had suffered actual caterpillar damage. These results suggest that chemicals from the caterpillar must be present for these attractants to be released and that unlike the grassy scent, which emanates only as the caterpillar on the plant, the wasp attractants are produced several hours after the attack and persist for several hours, perhaps days. Researchers have launched additional studies to determine whether the wasps' capacity to prey on caterpillars can be enhanced to the extent that the wasps could be used as a natural pesticide to "police" plants and protect them from crop-destroying caterpillars.
It can be inferred from the passage that if the leaves of a plant were damaged by wind rather than by caterpillars, the parasitic wasps would
- A. not be significantly more attracted to the damaged plant than to other, undamaged plants
- B. be attracted to the plant even if the damage to the leaves was very minor
- C. be attracted to the plant if it gave off a grassy odor
- D. be attracted to the plant if other plants in its immediate vicinity had also been damaged by the wind
- E. not be attracted to the plant until several hours after the damage occurred
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION 230
A researcher discovered that people who have low levels of immune-system activity tend to score much lower on tests of mental health than do people with normal or high immune-system activity. The researcher concluded from this experiment that the immune system protects against mental illness as well as against physical disease.
The researcher's conclusion depends on which of the following assumptions?
- A. Mental illness does not cause people's immune-system activity to decrease.
- B. People with high immune-system activity cannot develop mental illness.
- C. High immune-system activity protects against mental illness better than normal immune-system activity does.
- D. Mental illness is similar to physical disease in its effects on body system.
- E. Psychological treatment of mental illness is not as effective as is medical treatment.
Answer: A
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NEW QUESTION 231
Alexander Calder was one of the most innovative and original American artists of the twentieth century.
Calder arrived in Paris in 1926 and devoted himself to a innovative project comprised of animals made out of wire, scraps of cloth, wood, cork, labels, bits of scrap metal and pieces of rubber that he called the Circus. During his performances, Calder invented ways to simulate the flight of birds: "These are little bits of white paper, with a hole and slight weight on each one, which flutter down several variously coiled thin steel wires which I jiggle so that they flutter down like doves." The Circus was the laboratory of Calder's work; in it he experimented with new formulas and techniques. By 1930, Calder's Circus had developed into one of the real successes of the Montparnasse art world attracting the attention of such renowned artists as Fernand Leger and Joan Miro. Encouragement from the upper echelons of the Parisian art scene undoubtedly led him to try more serious experiments in wire sculptures. Calder eventually becoming interested in the movement of objects, some of which he motorized. In 1933, Calder completed Object with Red Discs, a sculpture he described as a two-meter rod with a heavy sphere, suspended from the apex of a wire, giving it a cantilever effect. It had five thin aluminum discs projected at right angels from five wires, held in position by a spherical counterweight. With this new creation, the idea of the mobile was born. In creating a work named Constellations in 1943, Calder explored the plastic possibilities of mobiles; he used small pieces of wood, which he shaped and sometimes painted. From this point on, Calder's ambition changed focus. He sought more challenging designs. One of Calder's objectives was to display objects in the air, giving the viewer the experience of finding new skies filled with moving and colored constellations.
Calder accomplished this in Acoustic Ceiling (1954). Calder's humor was evident in such works as Le Bougnat (1959) and The Pagoda (1963). Later, Calder cut fantastic animals from sheet metal, creating La Vache and Elephant (both 1970) and a mobile entitled Nervous Wreck (1976), which represents the red skeleton of a fish. Calder defined volume without mass and incorporated movement and time in art. His inventions, which redefined certain basic principles of sculpture, have established him as the most innovative sculptor of the twentieth century.
The author's attitude toward the mobiles of Alexander Calder is best described as
- A. Hesitance
- B. Admiration
- C. Amusement
- D. Indifference
- E. Detachment
Answer: B
Explanation:
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The best answer is D.
The author presents only a positive criticism of Calder, stating that he is the most innovative sculptor of the twentieth century.
NEW QUESTION 232
The local board of education found that, because the current physics curriculum has little direct relevance to today's world, physics classes attracted few high school students. So to attract students to physics classes, the board proposed a curriculum that emphasizes principles of physics involved in producing and analyzing visual images.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest reason to expect that the proposed curriculum will be successful in attracting students?
- A. In today's world the production and analysis of visual images is of major importance in communications, business, and recreation.
- B. Several of the fundamental principles of physics are involved in producing and analyzing visual images.
- C. Equipment that a large producer of photographic equipment has donated to the high school could be used in the proposed curriculum.
- D. Knowledge of physics is becoming increasingly important in understanding the technology used in today's world.
- E. The number of students interested in physics today is much lower than the number of students interested in physics 50 years ago.
Answer: A
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NEW QUESTION 233
Candidate McFee received 12,000 votes, which was of the total number of votes. If .r additional people had
voted and each had voted for McFee, then McFee would
have received of the total number of votes. What is the value of x?
- A. 8,000
- B. 2,000
- C. 4,000
- D. 6,000
- E. 3,000
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION 234
The postal service is badly mismanaged. Forty years ago, first-class letter delivery cost only three cents.
Since then, the price has increased nearly tenfold, with an actual decrease in the speed and reliability of service.
Each of the following statements, if true, would tend to weaken the argument above EXCEPT:
- A. The average delivery time for a first-class letter four decades ago was actually slightly longer than it is today.
- B. Private delivery services usually charge more than does the postal service for comparable delivery charges.
- C. Unprecedented increases in the cost of fuel for trucks and planes have put severe upward pressures on postal delivery costs.
- D. The average level of consumer prices overall has increased more than 300 percent over the last forty years.
- E. The volume of mail handled by the postal service has increased dramatically over the last forty years.
Answer: D
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NEW QUESTION 235
For years, Americans have been told to stay away from fat. Feeding the market of those anxiously watching their waistlines, food manufacturers have filled grocery store shelves with low-fat and fat-free foods. Now, however, some researchers are blaming the fat-free craze for the American crisis of obesity.
Foods without fat, they argue, leave us feeling unsatisfied and craving even more food. As a result, we end up eating a whole bag of low-fat potato chips when we would have only eaten half a bag of regular (fat- laden) potato chips.
Which of the following is the most logical conclusion that can be drawn from the passage?
- A. Avoid a no-fat diet, but eat low-fat foods.
- B. Potato chips of any sort are unhealthy.
- C. You will likely eat less if you eat foods with fat.
- D. Fat-free foods should be banned from stores.
- E. The key to weight management is to avoid cravings.
Answer: C
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Explanation:
The passage argues that foods with little or no fat leave people feeling unsatisfied, so they are likely to eat more than they would of foods that have a substantial fat content. Although the evidence suggests that eating a low-fat diet is better than a no-fat diet (choice a), choice b is a more logical conclusion, especially because the focus in the passage is how much we eat. The health value of potato chips, which are only used as an example, is not discussed, so choice c is incorrect. Choice d is incorrect because the passage suggests that weight control is a matter of what kind of foods people eat, not the suppression of cravings.
The passage does not state that fat-free foods should be banned from stores, so e is not a logical conclusion.
NEW QUESTION 236
Record companies defend their substitution of laser-read compact discs (CD's) for the much less expensive traditional long-playing vinyl records in their catalogs by claiming that the audio market is ruled by consumer demand for ever-improved sound reproduction rather than by record manufacturers' profit- motivated marketing decisions. But this claim cannot be true, because if it were true, then digital audiotape, which produces even better sound than CD's, would be commercially available from these same record companies, but it is not.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument against the record companies' claim?
- A. When CD's were first introduced in the audio-reproduction market, prices were high and selection was poor.
- B. Record companies are reluctant to attempt commercial production of digital audiotape until profits from the sales of CD's have enabled them to recover their investments in compact-disc manufacturing technology.
- C. Some CD's have been so much in demand that consumers have experienced long delays in obtaining copies.
- D. Any valid comparison of CD audio reproductions to digital audiotape reproductions must be based on identical performances played back on the highest quality disc or tape player.
- E. Because CD's work according to principles very different from those that govern conventional recordings, commercial production of CD's requires new kinds of manufacturing technology.
Answer: B
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NEW QUESTION 237
A company processes boxes that have a number of different dimensions. Based on the dimensions of the boxes, the company classifies all of them In three categories.
A, B. and C. The table Ms some examples of boxes, their Dimensions, and their classification categories.
Answer:
Explanation:
Explanation
NEW QUESTION 238
Upon entering the mayor's outer office, one is immediately greeted by a mural of local historical images, for which several are repeated in other paintings, the sofa pillows, a patchwork quilt, and crafted items enclosed in a locked glass case.
- A. for which several are repeated In other paintings.
- B. several repeated in other paintings and
- C. many of which repeat in other paintings and
- D. several which are repeated in other paintings as well as
- E. of which several are repeated In oilier paintings and on
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION 239
Economist: In Nation X, the number of unsold homes on the market recently reached a twenty-year high. The last time the number of unsold homes was that high, a severe economic recession soon followed. Therefore, the nation's economy is almost certainly about to suffer another severe recession.
The economist's reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on which of the following grounds?
- A. It overlooks the possibility that even if one phenomenon causally contributes to another, the latter sometimes, but not always, causally contributes to the former.
- B. It fails to address adequately the possibility that one phenomenon may closery follow another by coincidence.
- C. It confuses a claim about the number of unsold homes on the market with a more general claim about an overall economic recession.
- D. It overlooks the possibility that other severe economic recessions In Nation X may have occurred when there were not an unusually large number of unsold homes on the market.
- E. It fails to address adequately the possibility that a severe economic recession may itself cause more homes to remain on the market unsold.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION 240
A publisher is now providing university professors with the option of ordering custom textbooks for their courses. The professors can edit out those chapters of a book they are not interested in and add material of their own choosing.
The widespread use of the option mentioned above is LEAST likely to contribute to fulfilling which of the following educational objectives?
- A. Offering advanced elective courses that pursue in-depth investigation of selected topics in a field
- B. Coverage of material relevant to a particular student body's specific needs
- C. Keeping students' interest in a course by offering lively, well-written reading assignments
- D. Making the textbooks used in university courses more satisfactory from the individual teacher's point of view
- E. Ensuring that students nationwide engaged in a specific course of study are uniformly exposed to a basic set of readings
Answer: E
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NEW QUESTION 241
Which of the following best completes the passage below?
The computer industry's estimate that it loses millions of dollars when users illegally copy programs without paying for them is greatly exaggerated. Most of the illegal copying is done by people with no serious interest in the programs. Thus, the loss to the industry is much smaller than estimated because______
- A. many users who illegally copy programs never find any use for them
- B. even if the computer industry received all the revenue it claims to be losing, it would still be experiencing financial difficulties
- C. the number of programs that are frequently copied illegally is low in comparison to the number of programs available for sale
- D. most of the illegally copied programs would not be purchased even if purchasing them were the only way to obtain them
- E. the total market value of all illegal copies is low in comparison to the total revenue of the computer industry
Answer: D
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NEW QUESTION 242
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